English

40Gb/s QSFP+ ER4, 40km 1310nm SFP Transceiver JHA-QC40

40Gb/s QSFP+ ER4, 40km 1310nm SFP Transceiver JHA-QC40 Umfanekiso ofakiweyo
  • 40Gb/s QSFP+ ER4, 40km 1310nm SFP Transceiver JHA-QC40

Inkcazelo emfutshane:

40Gb/s 40km QSFP+ Transceiver Hot Pluggable, Duplex LC Connector, Imowudi enye


FUMANA Isampuli ENYE SIMAHLA

Isishwankathelo

Khuphela

Iimbonakalo:

◊ 4 CWDM iindlela zoyilo MUX/DEMUX

◊ Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-11.2Gbps kwi-bandwidth yetshaneli nganye

◊ I-Aggregate bandwidth ye> 40Gbps

◊ Isidibanisi seDuplex LC

◊ Iyahambelana ne-40G Ethernet IEEE802.3ba kunye ne-40GBASE-ER4 Standard

◊ QSFP MSA iyahambelana

◊ Isikhangeli seefoto se-APD

◊ Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-40 km yosasazo

◊ Ithobela imilinganiselo yedatha ye-QDR/DDR Infiniband

◊ Eyodwa +3.3V yobonelelo lwamandla olusebenzayo

◊ Imisebenzi yokuxilongwa kwedijithali eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi

◊ Uluhlu lobushushu ngu-0°C ukuya kuma-70°C

◊ ICandelo lokuThobela iRoHS

Usetyenziso:

◊ Irakhi kwirakhi

◊ Amaziko eenkcukacha IiTshintsho kunye neeRotha

◊ Uthungelwano lweMetro

◊ Iiswitshi kunye neeRutha

◊ 40G BASE-ER4 Ethernet Links

Inkcazo:

I-JHA-QC40 yimodyuli ye-transceiver eyenzelwe i-40km izicelo zonxibelelwano olubonakalayo.Uyilo luhambelana ne-40GBASE-ER4 yomgangatho we-IEEE P802.3ba.Imodyuli iguqula iziteshi ze-4 ze-inputs (ch) ze-10Gb / s idatha yombane kwiimpawu ze-4 ze-CWDM ze-optical, kwaye i-multiplexes ibe yindawo enye ye-40Gb / s yokuhanjiswa kwe-optical.Umva, kwicala lommkeli, imodyuli i-optically de-multiplexes i-40Gb / s igalelo kwiimpawu zeziteshi ze-CWDM ze-4, kwaye ziguqulela kwi-4 data ye-channel output output.

Ubude obuphakathi bamatshaneli e-4 CWDM yi-1271, 1291, 1311 kunye ne-1331 nm njengamalungu egridi ye-CWDM ye-wavelength echazwe kwi-ITU-T G694.2.Iqulethe i-duplex LC ikhonkco ye-optical interface kunye ne-38-pin ikhonkco yokudibanisa kombane.Ukunciphisa i-optical dispersion kwi-long-haul system, i-fiber ye-mode eyodwa (SMF) kufuneka isetyenziswe kule modyuli.

Imveliso yenzelwe ifom yefom, i-optical / electric connection kunye ne-digital diagnostic interface ngokwe-QSFP Multi-Source Agreement (MSA).Yenzelwe ukuhlangabezana nezona meko zinzima zokusebenza zangaphandle ezibandakanya ubushushu, ukufuma kunye nokuphazamiseka kwe-EMI.

Imodyuli isebenza ukusuka kumbane omnye + 3.3V kunye ne-LVCMOS / LVTTL iimpawu zolawulo lwehlabathi jikelele ezifana neModyuli ekhoyo, ukusetha kwakhona, ukuphazamisa kunye neModi yaMandla aphantsi akhoyo kunye neemodyuli.I-2-wire serial interface iyafumaneka ukuze ithumele kwaye ifumane imiqondiso yolawulo entsonkothileyo kunye nokufumana ulwazi lokuxilonga idijithali.Iitshaneli zomntu ngamnye zinokujongwa kwaye amajelo angasetyenziswanga angavalwa ukulungiselela ukuguquguquka okukhulu koyilo.

I-JHA-QC40 yenzelwe ifom yefom, i-optical / electric connection kunye ne-digital diagnostic interface ngokwe-QSFP Multi-Source Agreement (MSA).Yenzelwe ukuhlangabezana nezona meko zinzima zokusebenza zangaphandle ezibandakanya ubushushu, ukufuma kunye nokuphazamiseka kwe-EMI.Imodyuli inikezela ngokusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu kunye nokudityaniswa kweempawu, zifikeleleke nge-interface ye-serial ye-wire-wire.

•IiReyithingi eziphezulu ezipheleleyo

Ipharamitha

Uphawu

Min.

Isiqhelo

Max.

Iyunithi
Ubushushu boGcino

TS

-40

 

+85

°C
Supply Voltage

VCCT, R

-0.5

 

4

V
Ubuntu bezizalwane

RH

0

 

85

%

•KucetyiswaIndawo yokusebenza:

Ipharamitha

Uphawu

Min.

Isiqhelo

Max.

Iyunithi
Ubushushu bokusebenza kwetyala

TC

0

 

+70

°C
Supply Voltage

VCCT, R

+3,13

3.3

+3,47

V
Unikezelo lwangoku

ICC

 

 

1000

mA
Ukuchithwa kwamandla

PD

 

 

3.5

W

•Iimpawu zoMbane(TOP = 0 ukuya ku-70 °C, VCC = 3.13 ukuya kwi-3.47 Volts

Ipharamitha

Uphawu

Min

Isichwethezo

Max

Iyunithi

Phawula
Ireyithi yedatha ngeChaneli nganye

 

-

10.3125

11.2

Gbps

 
Ukutya umbane

 

-

2.5

3.5

W

 
Unikezelo lwangoku

Icc

 

0.75

1.0

A

 
Lawula I/O Voltage-High

VIH

2.0

 

Vcc

V

 
Lawula I/O Voltage-Low

VIL

0

 

0.7

V

 
I-Inter-Channel Skew

TSK

 

 

150

Ps

 
RESETL Ubude bexesha

 

 

10

 

Us

 
RESETL De-assert ixesha

 

 

 

100

ms

 
Amandla Ngexesha

 

 

 

100

ms

 
Isidluliseli
Ukunyamezelwa kweVoltage ePheleleyo eSinye

 

0.3

 

4

V

1
Imowudi eqhelekileyo Ukunyamezelwa kwe-Voltage

 

15

 

 

mV

 
Thumela i-Voltge ye-Input Diff

VI

150

 

1200

mV

 
Dlulisa i-Input Diff Imedance

ZIN

85

100

115

 

 
IJitter yeNgeniso exhomekeke kwiDatha

DDJ

 

0.3

 

UI

 
Umamkeli
Ukunyamezelwa kweVoltage ePheleleyo eSinye

 

0.3

 

4

V

 
I-Rx Output Diff Voltage

Vo

370

600

950

mV

 
I-Rx Output Ukunyuka kunye nokuwa kweVoltage

Tr/Tf

 

 

35

ps

1
IJitter iyonke

TJ

 

0.3

 

UI

 

Phawula:

  1. 20～80%

•IiParameters ze-Optical (TOP = 0 ukuya ku-70°C, VCC = 3.0 ukuya kwi-3.6 Volts)

Ipharamitha

Uphawu

Min

Isichwethezo

Max

Iyunithi

Ref.
Isidluliseli
  Isabelo seWavelength

L0

1264.5

1271

1277.5

nm

 

L1

1284.5

1291

1297.5

nm

 

L2

1304.5

1311

1317.5

nm

 

L3

1324.5

1331

1337.5

nm

 
I-Side-mode Suppression Ratio

SMSR

30

-

-

dB

 
Iyonke iAvareji yokuQaliswa kwamandla

PT

-

-

8.3

dBm

 
I-Avareji yokuQalisa aMandla, iNdlela nganye

 

-3

-

5

dBm

 
TDP, iNdlela nganye

TDP

 

 

2.3

dB

 
Umlinganiselo wokuphela

ER

3.5

6.0

 

dB

  
Transmitter Eye Mask Definition {X1, X2, X3, Y1, Y2, Y3}

 

 {0.25, 0.4, 0.45, 0.25, 0.28, 0.4}    

 

  
I-Optical Return Loss Tolerance

 

-

-

20

dB

 
I-Avareji yokuQalisa i-Power OFF Transmitter, iNdlela nganye

Poff

 

 

-30

dBm

 
Ingxolo yoBukhulu obunxulumeneyo

Rin

 

 

-128

dB/HZ

1
I-Optical Return Loss Tolerance

 

-

-

12

dB

 
Umamkeli
Umda womonakalo

THd

3

 

 

dBm

 1
Amandla oMndilili kwiNgeniso yoMfumani, iNdlela nganye

R

-21

 

-6

dBm

 
Fumana uMbane nge-3 dB ephezulu yokuSika iFrequency, iNdlela nganye

 

 

 

12.3

GHz

 
Ukuchaneka kwe-RSSI

 

-2

 

2

dB

 
IReflectance yeReceiver

Rrx

 

 

-26

dB

 
I-Receiver Power (OMA), iNdlela nganye

 

-

-

3.5

dBm

 
Fumana uMbane 3 dB upper Cutoff Frequency, iNdlela nganye

 

 

 

12.3

GHz

 
LOS De-Assert

LOSD

 

 

-25

dBm

 
Inkcazo ye-LOS

LOSA

-35

 

 

dBm

 
LOS Hysteresis

LOSH

0.5

 

 

dB

 

Phawula

  1. 12dB Ukubonakalisa

•IsiNxulumanisi sokuBeka iliso kwiDiagnostic

Digital diagnostics esweni umsebenzi iyafumaneka kuzo zonke QSFP + ER4.I-2-wire serial interface ibonelela umsebenzisi ukuba aqhagamshelane nemodyuli.Ubume bememori buboniswa ngokuhamba.Indawo yememori icwangciswe ngezantsi, iphepha elinye, indawo yedilesi ye-128 bytes kunye namaphepha amaninzi esithuba sedilesi ephezulu.Esi sakhiwo sivumela ukufikelela kwangethuba kwiidilesi ezikwiphepha elisezantsi, elifana neFlegi yokuphazamisa kunye neeMonitors.Ixesha elincinci lokungena kwexesha elibalulekileyo, elifana nolwazi lwe-ID ye-serial kunye noseto lwe-threshold, luyafumaneka kunye nomsebenzi wokuKhetha iPhepha.Idilesi ye-interface esetyenzisiweyo yi-A0xh kwaye isetyenziselwa ubukhulu becala idatha ebaluleke kakhulu njengokuphatha ukuphazamiseka ukwenzela ukuba kufundwe ixesha elilodwa kuyo yonke idatha enxulumene nemeko yokuphazamiseka.Emva kokuphazamiseka, i-IntL iqinisekisiwe, umamkeli unokufunda indawo yeflegi ukumisela itshaneli echaphazelekayo kunye nohlobo lweflegi.

3 45 56

EEPROM Uthotho lwe-ID Imixholo yeMemori (A0h)

Idatha

Idilesi

Ubude
(Byte)

Igama lika

Ubude

Inkcazo kunye neziqulatho
Iinkalo zeSazisi ezisisiseko

128

1

Isichongi

 Isichongi Uhlobo lothotho lweModyuli (D=QSFP+)

129

1

Ext.Isichongi

 Isichongi Esongeziweyo seModyuli yothotho(90=2.5W)

130

1

Isidibanisi

 Ikhowudi yodidi lwesidibanisi(7=LC)

131-138

8

Ukuthotyelwa kwengcaciso

 Ikhowudi yokuhambelana kombane okanye ukuhambelana kwamehlo (40GBASE-LR4)

139

1

Ufakelo lweekhowudi

 Ikhowudi ye-algorithm yothotho lweekhowudi (5=64B66B)

140

1

BR, Ngobizo

 Umlinganiselo webit oqhelekileyo, iiyunithi ze-100 MBits/s(6C=108)

141

1

Amazinga awandisiweyo khetha Ukuthobela

 Iithegi zemilinganiselo eyandisiweyo khetha ukuthobela

142

1

Ubude(SMF)

 Ubude bekhonkco buxhaswe kwifayibha ye-SMF kwi-km (28=40KM)

143

1

Ubude(OM3 50um)

 Ubude bekhonkco buxhaswe kwi-EBW 50/125um fiber (OM3), iiyunithi ze-2m

144

1

Ubude(OM2 50um)

 Ubude bekhonkco buxhaswe kwi-50/125um fiber (OM2), iiyunithi ze-1m

145

1

Ubude(OM1 62.5um)

 Ubude bekhonkco buxhaswe kwi-62.5 / 125um fiber (OM1), iiyunithi ze-1m

146

1

Ubude(Ubhedu)

 Ubude bekhonkco lobhedu okanye ikhebula elisebenzayo, lidibanisa i-1m Ubude bekhonkco obuxhaswe kwi-50/125um fiber (OM4), iiyunithi ze-2m xa i-Byte 147 ichaza i-850nm VCSEL njengoko ichazwe kwiThebhile 37

147

1

Ubuchwephesha besixhobo

 Itekhnoloji yesixhobo

148-163

16

Igama lomthengisi

 QSFP+ igama lomthengisi: TIBTRONIX (ASCII)

164

1

Imodyuli eyandisiweyo

 Iikhowudi zeModyuli ezongeziweyo ze-InfiniBand

165-167

3

Umthengisi OUI

 I-QSFP+ i-ID yenkampani ye-IEEE yomthengisi (000840)

168-183

16

Umthengisi PN

 Inombolo yenxalenye: JHA-QC40 (ASCII)

184-185

2

Umthengisi umfundisi

 Inqanaba lohlaziyo lwenxalenye yenombolo enikezelwe ngumthengisi (ASCII) (X1)

186-187

2

Ubude be-wave okanye intambo yobhedu

 Ubude bewavenge yelaser (ubude bobude=ixabiso/20 nge-nm) okanye ukuthomalaliswa kwentambo yobhedu kwi-dB kwi-2.5GHz (Adrs 186) kunye ne-5.0GHz (Adrs 187) (65A4=1301)

188-189

2

Ukunyamezela amaza

 Uluhlu oluqinisekisiweyo lwe-laser wavelength(+/- ixabiso) ukusuka kwigama
ubude bamaza.(ubude beTol.=ixabiso/200 kwi-nm) (1C84=36.5)

190

1

Ubukhulu bexesha lobushushu.

 Elona qondo lobushushu liphezulu kwiidigri C (70)

191

1

CC_BASE

 Jonga ikhowudi yesiseko seID yemimandla (idilesi 128-190)
Imimandla ye-ID eyandisiweyo

192-195

4

Iinketho

 Ireyithi yokuKhetha, i-TX Khubaza, i-Tx Fault, i-LOS, izalathi zesilumkiso ze: Ubushushu, i-VCC, i-RX, amandla, i-TX Bias

196-211

16

Umthengisi SN

 Inombolo yothotho inikwe ngumthengisi (ASCII)

212-219

8

Ikhowudi yomhla

 Ikhowudi yomhla wokwenza umthengisi

220

1

Uhlobo lokuHlola lokuHlola

 Ibonisa ukuba zeziphi na iintlobo zophononongo oluphunyeziweyo (ukuba zikhona) kwiModyuli.I-Bit 1, 0 egciniweyo (8=Amandla oMndilili)

221

1

Iinketho eziphuculweyo

 Ibonisa ukuba zeziphi iifitsha ozikhethelayo ezongeziweyo eziphunyeziweyo kwiModyuli.

222

1

 Igciniwe

223

1

CC_EXT

 Khangela ikhowudi yeeNdawo zeSazisi ezandisiweyo (idilesi 192-222)
Umthengisi Specific ID Fields

224-255

32

 Umthengisi Specific EEPROM


•Ixesha loLawulo oluSoft kunye neMisebenzi yeSimo

Ipharamitha

Uphawu

Max

Iyunithi

Iimeko
Ixesha lokuQalisa t_init 2000 ms Ixesha elivela kumandla kwi-1, iplagi eshushu okanye i-edge yokunyuka kwe-Reset de imodyuli isebenze ngokupheleleyo2
Seta kwakhona Init Assert Ixesha t_reset_init 2 μs Ukuseta ngokutsha kuveliswa linqanaba eliphantsi elide kunelona xesha lincinci lokuseta kwakhona ipulse elikhoyo kwiResetL pin.
Uthotho Bus Hardware Ready Ixesha t_uthotho 2000 ms Ixesha elivela kumandla kwi-1 de imodyuli iphendule kwi-data transmission phezu kwe-2-wire serial bus
Beka iliso kwiDatha eLungileyoIxesha t_idatha 2000 ms Ixesha ukusuka kumandla kwi-1 ukuya kwidatha engekalungi, bit 0 ye-Byte 2, idesi kwaye i-IntL iqinisekisiwe
Seta kwakhona Ixesha le-Assert t_seta kwakhona 2000 ms Ixesha ukusuka kumda onyukayo kwi-ResetL pin de imodyuli isebenze ngokupheleleyo2
Ixesha le-Assert ye-LPMode ton_LPMode 100 μs Ixesha elisuka kwi-assertation ye-LPMode (Vin:LPMode = Vih) de imodyuli yokusetyenziswa kwamandla ingene kwiNqanaba loMbane elisezantsi
Ixesha le-IntL Assert ton_IntL 200 ms Ixesha ukusuka kwisenzeko semeko ebangela i-IntL kude kube yi-Vout:IntL = Vol
Ixesha le-IntL Dessert toff_IntL 500 μs toff_IntL 500 μs Ixesha ukusuka ekucaceni kokufunda3 ukusebenza kweflegi ehambelanayo kude kube Vout:IntL = Voh.Oku kuquka amaxesha okutyiwa kwesidlo seRx LOS, Tx Fault kunye nezinye iibhithi zeflegi.
Ixesha le-Rx LOS Assert ton_los 100 ms Ixesha ukusuka kwi-Rx LOS kwimo ukuya kwi-Rx LOS isetyenzisiwe kwaye i-IntL iqinisekisiwe
Ixesha lokuBasa iflegi iflegi_yetoni 200 ms Ixesha ukusuka kwisenzeko semeko exhokonxa iflegi ukuya kuseti yeflegi enxulumeneyo kunye ne-IntL iqinisekisiwe
Ixesha le-Mask Assert ton_imaski 100 ms Ixesha ukusuka kwi-mask bit set4 de i-IntL ehambelana nayo ithintelwe
Ixesha leMask De-assert toff_mask 100 ms Ixesha elisuka kwimaski bit licinyiwe4 de umsebenzi ohambelana ne-IntlL uqalise kwakhona
Ixesha lokuBasa le-ModSelL ton_ModSelL 100 μs Ixesha ukusuka ekuqinisekiseni i-ModSelL de imodyuli iphendule ukuhanjiswa kwedatha kwi-2-wire serial bus
Ixesha le-ModSelL Deassert toff_ModSelL 100 μs Ixesha ukusuka kwi-deassertion ye-ModSelL de imodyuli ayiphenduli kwi-data transmission phezu kwe-2-wire serial bus
Power_over-ride okanyeIxesha le-Assert-seti yamandla ton_Phantsi 100 ms Ixesha ukusuka kwi-P_Down bit set 4 de imodyuli yokusetyenziswa kwamandla ingena kwiNqanaba loMbane eliphantsi
Power_over-ride okanye Power-set De-assert Time toff_Phantsi 300 ms Ixesha ukusuka kwi-P_Down bit cleared4 de imodyuli isebenze ngokupheleleyo3

Phawula:

1. Umbane ovuliweyo uchazwa njengophanyazo xa umbane wonikezelo ufikelela kwaye uhlale uphezulu okanye ungaphezulu kwelona xabiso lincinci lichaziweyo.

2. Ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo kuchazwa njenge-IntL eqinisekisiweyo ngenxa yedatha engekakulungeli, bit 0 byte 2 de-asserted.

3. Ilinganiswe ukusuka kumphetho wewotshi ewayo emva kokumiswa kancinci kwentengiselwano yokufunda.

4. Ilinganiswe ukusuka kumphetho wewotshi ewayo emva kokumiswa kancinci kwentengiselwano.

•Transceiver Block Diagram

43 

•ISabelo sePin

 54

Umzobo weBhodi yeBhodi yokuBamba iinombolo zePin yeBhlokhi kunye neGama

•IphiniInkcazo

Iphini

Ingqiqo

Uphawu

Igama/Inkcazelo

Ref.

1

 

GND

 Umhlaba

1

2

CML-I

Tx2n

 Ungeniso lweDatha eGuquliweyo yoThutho

 

3

CML-I

Tx2p

 Transmitter Non-Inverted Data imveliso

 

4

 

GND

 Umhlaba

1

5

CML-I

Tx4n

 Isiphumo seDatha esiGuquliweyo seTransmitter

 

6

CML-I

Tx4p

 I-Transmitter Imveliso yeDatha engaGuqulwanga

 

7

 

GND

 Umhlaba

1

8

I-LVTTL-I

ModSelL

 Imodyuli Khetha

 

9

I-LVTTL-I

Seta ngokutshaL

 Ukuseta kwakhona imodyuli

 

10

 

VccRx

 +3.3V isiXhobo soMbane soMbane

2

11

LVCMOS-I/O

I-SCL

 2-Wire Uthotho lweClock yesiNxulumaniso

 

12

LVCMOS-I/O

SDA

 2-Ngocingo Interface Data Data

 

13

 

GND

 Umhlaba

1

14

CML-O

Rx3p

 Isiphumo seDatha esiGuquliweyo somamkeli

 

15

CML-O

Rx3n

 Isiphumo soDatha esingaguquguqukiyo simamkeli

 

16

 

GND

 Umhlaba

1

17

CML-O

Rx1p

 Isiphumo seDatha esiGuquliweyo somamkeli

 

18

CML-O

Rx1n

 Isiphumo soDatha esingaguquguqukiyo simamkeli

 

19

 

GND

 Umhlaba

1

20

 

GND

 Umhlaba

1

21

CML-O

Rx2n

 Isiphumo seDatha esiGuquliweyo somamkeli

 

22

CML-O

Rx2p

 Isiphumo soDatha esingaguquguqukiyo simamkeli

 

23

 

GND

 Umhlaba

1

24

CML-O

Rx4n

 Isiphumo seDatha esiGuquliweyo somamkeli

 

25

CML-O

Rx4p

 Isiphumo soDatha esingaguquguqukiyo simamkeli

 

26

 

GND

 Umhlaba

1

27

I-LVTTL-O

ModPrsL

 Imodyuli ekhoyo

 

28

I-LVTTL-O

IntL

 Ukuphazamisa

 

29

 

VccTx

 +3.3V isiThuthi sokuBonelelwa koMbane

2

30

 

Vcc1

 +3.3V Ubonelelo lwaMandla

2

31

I-LVTTL-I

LPMode

 Imowudi yaMandla aphantsi

 

32

 

GND

 Umhlaba

1

33

CML-I

Tx3p

 Isiphumo seDatha esiGuquliweyo seTransmitter

 

34

CML-I

Tx3n

 I-Transmitter Imveliso yeDatha engaGuqulwanga

 

35

 

GND

 Umhlaba

1

36

CML-I

Tx1p

 Isiphumo seDatha esiGuquliweyo seTransmitter

 

37

CML-I

Tx1n

 I-Transmitter Imveliso yeDatha engaGuqulwanga

 

38

 

GND

 Umhlaba

1

Amanqaku:

  1. I-GND isimboli sokunye kunye nokubonelela (amandla) aqhelekileyo kwiimodyuli ze-QSFP, Zonke ziqhelekile ngaphakathi kwimodyuli ye-QSFP kwaye zonke ii-voltages zemodyuli zibhekiselele kule nto inokuthi ichazwe ngenye indlela.Qhagamshela ezi ngqo kwibhodi yomkhosi umqondiso inqwelomoya eqhelekileyo emhlabeni.Imveliso yeLaser ivaliwe kwi-TDIS >2.0V okanye ivuliwe, yenziwe ukuba isebenze kwi-TDIS <0.8V.
  2. I-VccRx, i-Vcc1 kunye ne-VccTx ngababoneleli bamandla abafumana kunye nabagqithisi kwaye baya kusetyenziswa ngaxeshanye.Uhluzo lonikezelo lombane lwebhodi ecetyiswayo luboniswe ngezantsi.I-VccRx, Vcc1 kunye neVccTx inokudityaniswa ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kwimodyuli ye-transceiver ye-QSFP kuyo nayiphi na indibaniselwano.Izikhonkwane ezidityanisiweyo zilinganiswe ngobuninzi bangoku be-500mA.

•ISekethe eCetyisiweyo

23

•Imilinganiselo yoomatshini

43

  • Ngaphambili:
  • Okulandelayo:
    • Bhala umyalezo wakho apha kwaye uwuthumele kuthi

    Iindidi zeemveliso