I-router ngumaleko wesi-3 isixhobo sothungelwano.I-hub isebenza kumaleko wokuqala ( umaleko womzimba) kwaye akukho buchule bokucubungula obukrelekrele.Xa i-current ye-port enye idluliselwe kwi-hub, idlulisela i-current kwamanye amazibuko, kwaye ayikhathali nokuba iikhompyutha eziqhagamshelwe kwamanye amazibuko zifumana ezi datha..Umtshintshi usebenza kwinqanaba lesibini ledatha yekhonkco yedatha), ehlakaniphile kune-hub.Kuyo, idatha kwinethiwekhi yingqokelela yeedilesi ze-MAC, kwaye inokwahlula idilesi ye-MAC yomthombo kunye nedilesi ye-MAC yokuya kwisakhelo., ngoko uxhulumaniso lunokusekwa phakathi kwazo naziphi na izibuko ezimbini, kodwa umtshintshi akayazi idilesi ye-IP, iyazi kuphela idilesi ye-MAC.I-router isebenza kwinqanaba lesithathu (i-network layer), "ihlakaniphile" kunokutshintsha, inokuqonda idilesi ye-IP kwidatha, ukuba ifumana ipakethi yedatha, ihlola idilesi yenethiwekhi yendawo yokuya kwipakethi. miselawInoba idilesi yendawo yepakethi ikhona kwitheyibhile yomzila yangoku (oko kukuthi, ingaba umzila uyayazi indlela eya kwinethiwekhi yendawo ekuyiwa kuyo).Ukuba idilesi yendawo yokupakisha ifunyenwe ifana nedilesi yenethiwekhi exhunywe kwi-interface ye-router, idatha iya kuthunyelwa kwi-interface ehambelanayo ngokukhawuleza;ukuba idilesi yendawo yepakethi ifunyenwe ingaqhagamshelwanga ngokuthe ngqo kwicandelo layo lothungelwano, i-router iya kujonga itafile yayo yomzila.Fumana i-interface ehambelana nenethiwekhi yendawo yokufikela yepakethi, kwaye uyithumele kwi-interface ehambelanayo;ukuba idilesi yenethiwekhi erekhodwe kwitheyibhile yomzila ayihambelani nedilesi yendawo yepakethi, iya kuthunyelwa kwi-interface engagqibekanga ngokumalunga noqwalaselo lwe-router.Ukuba ujongano olungagqibekanga alumiselwanga Oku kulandelayo kuya kubuyisela ulwazi lwe-ICMP ukuba idilesi yendawo ayifikeleleki kumsebenzisi.